Tailieumoi.vn ikufuna kukufotokozerani za equation 2kmnO₄ + 16HCl → 2KCl + 2MnCl₂ + 5Cl₂ + 8 MAola₂O kuphatikizira momwe zinthu zimachitikira, njira, zochitika ndi zochitika zina zofananira kuthandiza ophunzira kuphatikiza chidziwitso chonse ndi luso loyeserera pochita masewera olimbitsa thupi a chlorine’s chemical reaction equation. Tikukupemphani kuti muwonere:

Equation 2KMnO₄ + 16HCl → 2KCl + 2MnCl₂ + 5Cl₂+ 8H ndi₂O

1. Chemical Reaction Equation

2kmnO₄ + 16HCl → 2KCl + 2MnCl₂ + 5Cl₂ + 8 MAola₂O

2. Zomwe zimachitika

Pali mpweya wobiriwira wachikasu ukutuluka, womwe ndi Cl₂. Chifukwa Cl. gasi₂ kumasulidwa kumayambitsa kawopsedwe, kotero kuyesako kukachitika, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera madzi ochulukirapo amchere kuti achepetse HCl yochulukirapo ndikuyikonza ndi Cl.₂ mu botolo musanatulutsidwe ku chilengedwe.

3. Zochita

HCl yokhazikika, mikhalidwe yabwinobwino.

4. Mankhwala katundu

– Hydrochloric acid solution ili ndi mphamvu zonse za asidi wamphamvu.

Zotsatira za chizindikiro:

Njira ya HCl imatembenuza litmus kukhala wofiira (kuzindikira asidi)

HCl → H⁺ + Cl^–

Zotsatira ndi zitsulo

Imakhudzidwa ndi KL (H isanakwane mu mndandanda wa Beketop) kupanga mchere (wokhala ndi zitsulo zochepa) ndikutulutsa mpweya wa haidrojeni (amawonetsa zokometsera).

Fe + 2HCl FeCl₂ + ABWENZI₂

2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl₃ + 3 MAola₂

Cu + HCl → palibe chochita

Zomwe zimachitika ndi ma oxides oyambira komanso oyambira:

Mankhwala omwe amapanga mchere ndi madzi

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H₂ O

CuO + 2HCl KuCl₂ + ABWENZI₂ O

Fe₂O₃ + 6 HCl 2FeCl₃ + 3 MAola₂ O

Mmene mchere (malinga ndi zikhalidwe zosinthira)

CaCO₃ + 2HCl → CaCl₂ + ABWENZI₂O + CO₂↑

AgNO₃ + HCl → AgCl↓ + HNO₃

(amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira ma chloride radical)

Kuphatikiza pa kukhala acidic, yankho la HCl acid lokhazikika limagwiranso ntchito ngati kuchepetsa pochita zinthu ndi oxidizing amphamvu monga KMnO.₄,MnO₂KY₂ Cr₂O₇,MnO₂KClO₃ ………

4HCl + MnO₂ MnCl₂ + Cl + 2H₂ O

KY₂ Cr₂ O₇ + 14HCl → 3Cl₂ + 2KCl + 2CrCl₃ + 7 MAola₂ O

Kusakaniza kwa 3 mavoliyumu a HCl ndi 1 voliyumu ya HNO₃ Concentrate imatchedwa aqua regia (aqua regia) yomwe imatha kusungunula Au (yellow).

3HCl + HNO₃ → 2Cl + NOCl + 2H₂O

NOCl → NO + Cl

Au + 3Cl → AuCl₃

5. Momwe mungayendetsere kuyesa

– Ikani makhiristo ochepa a KMnO mu chubu choyesera chowuma₄, onjezerani madontho angapo a HCl yoyikirapo mu chubu. Tsekani chubu choyesera ndi choyimitsa thonje choviikidwa mu njira ya NaOH.

6. Kodi mumadziwa?

Izi ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chlorine mu labotale

7. Zochita Zogwirizana

Funso 1:Perekani ma magalamu a KMnO₄ sinthani ndi mankhwala owonjezera a HCl kuti mupeze yankho X lomwe lili ndi HCl yochulukirapo ndi 28.07 magalamu a mchere awiri ndi V malita a Cl gasi.₂ (dktc). Mtengo wa Cl₂ imapanga okosijeni wokwanira wa 7.5 magalamu osakaniza a Al ndi zitsulo M ndi chiŵerengero cha molar cha Al : M = 1: 2. Chitsulo M ndi

A. Shift

B. Mg

C. Fe

D. Ku

Njira yothetsera:

Yankho ndi AYI

16 HCl + 2 KMnO₄ → 2 KCl + 2 MnCl₂ + 8 mabanja₂O + 5 Cl₂

Malinga ndi PTTH: $n_{\mathrm{KY}\mathrm{AKALE}l}=n_{\mathrm{USA}n\mathrm{AKALE}{l}_2}=xmol$

Kuchuluka kwa mchere ndi 28.07 $\to m_{\mathrm{KY}\mathrm{AKALE}l}+m_{\mathrm{USA}n\mathrm{AKALE}{l}_2}=28.07$

→ x.74.5 + x.126 = 28.07

→ x = 0.14 mol

$\to n_{\mathrm{KY}\mathrm{AKALE}l}=n_{\mathrm{USA}n\mathrm{AKALE}{l}_2}=0.14mol$

Malinga ndi PTTH $n_{\mathrm{AKALE}{l}_2}=\frac{5}{2}{n}_{\mathrm{KY}\mathrm{AKALE}l}=0.35mol$

Malinga ndi Conservation Law e:

n _USA . x + n _Al. 3 = $n_{\mathrm{AKALE}{l}_2}$. 2 = 0.7 mol

Pali chiŵerengero cha molar Al: M = 1: 2 → n _Al = ndi n _USA = 2 a

→ 2a. x + ndi. 3 = 0.7 mol

→ Ndi x = 1 → a = 0.175 mol → m _Al = 0.175. 27 = 4.725 g

→ m _USA = 7.5 – 4.725 = 2.775 g

$\to {\mathrm{USA}}_{\mathrm{USA}}=\frac{2.775}{\mathrm{0.175.2}}=7.9$(mtundu)

→ Ndi x = 2 → a = 0.1 mol → m _Al = 27. 0.1 = 2.7 g → m _USA = 7.5 – 2.7 = 4.8 g

$\to {\mathrm{USA}}_{\mathrm{USA}}=\frac{4.8}{\mathrm{0.1.2}}=24$(Mg, sankhani)

Kotero chitsulo choyang’ana ndi Mg

Ndime 2: Kwa chain reaction:

KMnO₄ + (A) → X₂ + (B) + (C) + H₂O

(C) + Dzina₂O $\stackrel{dpmn}{\to }$ X₂ + (D) + (ine)

X₂ + (D) → (A)

X₂ + (I) → (C) + (E) + H₂O

Zinthu A, X₂C, D, E ndi motsatira:

A. HF, F₂KF, BANJA₂KFO.

B. HCl, Cl₂MnCl₂H₂,Kl

C. HCl, Cl₂KCl, H₂KClO

D. HBr, Br₂KBr, surname₂KBrO

Njira yothetsera:

YANKHO C

2kmnO₄ + 16 HCl_DChabwino (A) → 5Cl₂(X)₂) + 2MnCl₂ (B) + 2KCl (C) + 8 MAola₂O

2KCl + 2H₂O $\stackrel{dpnccmn}{\to }$ Cl₂ + 2 KODI(ine) + ABWENZI₂(D)

Cl₂ + ABWENZI₂ $\stackrel{aS}{\to }$2HCl pa

Cl₂ + 2KOH → KCl + KClO (E) + ABWENZI₂O

Funso 3: Kwa 8.7 magalamu a MnO₂ imakhudzidwa ndi HCl yoyikira kwambiri kuti ipange ma V malita a Cl₂ (ndi dtc). The anachita dzuwa ndi 85%. V ali ndi mtengo wa

A. 2 lita

B. 1,904 malita

C. 1.82 lita

D. 2,905 lita

Njira yothetsera:

Yankho ndi AYI

$n_{\mathrm{USA}n{O}_2}=0.1mol$

Chemical equation:

MnO₂ + 4 HCl $\stackrel{t^o}{\to }$ MCl₂ + Cl₂ + 2 NYUMBA₂O

Malinga ndi PTTH: $n_{\mathrm{AKALE}{l}_2\left(lt\right)}=n_{\mathrm{USA}n{O}_2}=0.1mol$(chiwerengero cha ma moles molingana ndi masamu equation)

$H\%=\frac{n_{tt}}{n_{lt}}.100\%$ → $85\%=\frac{n_{tt}}{0.1}.100\%$ → n _{clo zenizeni} = 0.085 mol

$\to {\mathrm{jambulani}}_{\mathrm{AKALE}{l}_2}=\mathrm{0.085.22.4}=\mathrm{1,904}$lita

Funso 4: Kusintha kwa Cl₂ kuchokera ku HCl ndi MnO₂. Kwa onse Cl. gasi₂ itha kukonzedwa kudzera mu njira ya NaI, pambuyo pa zomwe zachitika, pali 12.7 magalamu a I₂ kubadwa. Kuchuluka kwa HCl mu njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi:

A. 9.1g pa

B. 8.3g pa

C. 7.3g pa

D. 12.5 gm

Njira yothetsera:

YANKHO C

$n_{{\mathrm{Ine}}_2}=0.05mol$

Malinga ndi High School: Cl₂ + 2 NaI → 2 NaCl + I₂

$n_{\mathrm{AKALE}{l}_2}=n_{{\mathrm{Ine}}_2}=0.05mol$

Malinga ndi PTTH: MnO₂ + 4 HCl $\stackrel{t^o}{\to }$ MnCl₂ + 2 NYUMBA₂O + Cl₂

$\to n_{H\mathrm{AKALE}l}=4n_{\mathrm{AKALE}{l}_2}$= 0.05.4 = 0.2 mol

→ m _HCl = 0.2. 36.5 = 7.3 g

Funso 5:Zochitika zomwe zikuchitika pakuyesa ndi:

A. Mpweya wachikasu wokha umatuluka

B. Pali mpweya wachikasu wopangidwa, nthawi yomweyo pali mpweya

C. Solid MnO₂ kuzimiririka

D. Pali mpweya wachikasu wopangidwa, ndipo nthawi yomweyo MnO₂ kuzimiririka

Njira yothetsera:

YANKHO WOsavuta

Zochita: MnO₂ + 4 HCl_D $\stackrel{t^0}{\to }$ MnCl₂ + Cl₂+ 2H₂O

→ Chodabwitsa cha zomwe zimachitika: Gasi wachikasu watulutsidwa, MnO₂ kuzimiririka.

Ndime 6. Kuti muchepetse 20 ml ya 0.1 M HCl yankho, 10 ml ya NaOH yankho la ndende x mol/l imafunika. Mtengo wa x ndi chiyani?

A. 0.3.

B. 0.4.

C. 0.2.

D. 0.1.

Njira yothetsera:

YANKHO C

n_HCl = 0.1.0.02 = 0.002 mol

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O

0.002 → 0.002 mol

$x=\frac{0.002}{0.01}=0.2\mathrm{USA}$

Ndime 7: Lolani 36 magalamu a FeO achitepo mokwanira ndi yankho lomwe lili ndi mole wa HCl. Mtengo wa a

A. 1.00.

B. 0.50.

C. 0.75.

D. 1.25.

Njira yothetsera:

Yankho A

$n_{FeO}=\frac{36}{72}=0.5mol$

2HCl + FeO → FeCl₂ + ABWENZI₂O

Malinga ndi kusekondale: n_HCl = 2n_FeO = 1 mzu

Ndime 8. Ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito magalamu 300 a 3.65% HCl yankho kuti mungosungunula x magalamu a Al.₂O₃. Mtengo wa x ndi chiyani?

A. 51.

B. 5.1.

C. 153.

D. 15.3.

Njira yothetsera:

Yankho ndi AYI

$n_{H\mathrm{AKALE}l}=\frac{\mathrm{300.3.65}}{\mathrm{100.36.5}}=0.3mol$

6HCl + Al₂O₃ → 2AlCl₃ + 3 MAola₂O

0.3 → 0.05 mol

$m_{A{l}_2{O}_3}$= 0.05.102 = 5.1 magalamu

Ndime 9. Lolani magilamu 5.6 a metal oxide achitepo kanthu mokwanira ndi HCl kuti apereke 11.1 magalamu a mchere wa chloride wa chitsulo chimenecho. Kodi formula ya metal oxide ndi chiyani?

A. Al₂O₃.

B. CaO.

C. CuO.

D. FeO.

Njira yothetsera:

Yankho ndi AYI

Imbani fomula ya oxide M₂O_a

2aHCl + M₂O_a → 2MCl_a + ndiH₂O

Imbani nambala ya moles H₂O ndi x (mol) n_HCl = 2x (mol)

Kusunga misa: 36.5.2x + 5.6 = 11.1 + 18.x

⇒ x = 0.1 mol

$\Rightarrow n_{{\mathrm{USA}}_2{O}_a}=\frac{0.1}{a}\Rightarrow {\mathrm{USA}}_2{O}_a=\frac{5.6}{0.1}a=56a\Rightarrow \mathrm{USA}=20a$

a	choyamba	2	3
USA	20	40	60
Pomaliza	Mtundu	Shift	Mtundu

Ndime 10. Kwa 30.00 magalamu a osakaniza X opangidwa ndi Fe ndi FeO amachitira ndi njira yowonjezera ya HCl, mpaka zomwe zimachitika kwathunthu, 6.72 malita a H gasi amapezedwa.₂ (dktc). Kulemera kwa FeO mu 30.00 magalamu osakaniza X ndi

A. 13.2 gm.

B. 46.8 magalamu.

C. 16.8 magalamu.

D. 5.6 magalamu.

Njira yothetsera:

Yankho A

2HCl + FeO → FeCl₂ + ABWENZI₂O

2HCl + Fe → FeCl₂ + ABWENZI₂

Malinga ndi PTTH:

n_Fe = n_gasi = 0.3 mol m_FeO = 30 – 0.3.56 = 13.2 magalamu.

Ndime 11. Kuti asungunuke kwathunthu kusakaniza kwa Zn ndi ZnO, 100.8 ml ya 36.5% HCl solution (D = 1.19g/ml) iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza 0,4 mol wa gasi. Kuchuluka kwa chisakanizo choyambirira cha Zn ndi ZnO ndi

A. 40% ndi 60%.

B. 45% ndi 55%.

C. 50% ndi 50%

D. 61.6% ndi 38.4%.

Njira yothetsera:

YANKHO WOsavuta

$n_{H\mathrm{AKALE}l}=\frac{\mathrm{100,8.1,19.36.5}}{\mathrm{100.36.5}}=1.2mol$

2HCl + ZnO → ZnCl₂ + ABWENZI₂O (1)

2HCl + Zn → ZnCl₂ + ABWENZI₂ (2)

Malinga ndi PTTH (2):

$n_{Zn}=n_{H_2}=0.4mol$

n_{HCl (2)} = 2 n_Zn = 0.8 mol n_{HCl (1)} = 1.2 – 0.8 = 0.4 mol

$\Rightarrow n_{ZnO}=\frac{0.4}{2}=0.2mol$

m_kusakaniza = 0,4.65 + 0.2.81 = 42.2 magalamu

$\%m_{Zn}=\frac{\mathrm{0.4.65}}{42.2}.100\%=61.6\%.$

Ndime 12. Ikani 36.5 magalamu a 10% HCl solution mu beaker ya NaHCO.₃ kupitirira, V lita imodzi ya gasi imapezeka pa dtc. Mtengo wa x ndi chiyani?

A. 44.8.

B. 4.48.

C. 22.4.

D. 2.24.

Njira yothetsera:

YANKHO WOsavuta

$n_{H\mathrm{AKALE}l}=\frac{\mathrm{36.5.10}}{\mathrm{100.36.5}}=0.1mol$

NaHCO₃ + HCl → NaCl + H₂O + CO₂

0.1 0.1 mol

⇒ V = 0.1,22.4 = 2.24 malita.

Ndime 13. Kwa 50g CaCO₃ zotsatira zokwanira ndi 20% HCl yankho (D = 1.2g/ml). Kodi muyeso wa HCl solution ndi wotani?

A. 152.08g.

B. 55.0 magalamu.

C. 180.0 gm.

D. 182.5 magalamu.

Njira yothetsera:

YANKHO WOsavuta

CaCO₃ + 2HCl → CaCl₂ + ABWENZI₂O + CO₂

0.5 → 1 mol

$\Rightarrow m_{ddH\mathrm{AKALE}l}=\frac{\mathrm{1.36.5}}{20}.100=182.5gam.$

8. Mankhwala ena amachitidwe equation a klorini ndi mankhwala: