Tailieumoi.vn ikufuna kukufotokozerani za equation 4NO₂ + O₂ + 2 NYUMBA₂O → 4HNO₃ kuphatikiza momwe amachitira, njira, zochitika ndi zochitika zina zofananira kuthandiza ophunzira kuphatikiza chidziwitso chawo chonse ndikuchita luso lawo pochita masewera olimbitsa thupi a Nito’s chemical reaction equations. Tikukupemphani kuti muwonere:

Equation 4NO₂ + O₂ + 2 NYUMBA₂O → 4HNO₃

1. Chemical Reaction Equation

4NO₂ + O₂ + 2 NYUMBA₂O → 4HNO₃

2. Chodabwitsa cha kuzindikira kwamachitidwe

Palibe chodabwitsa chapadera

3. Zoyenera kuchita kuti zichitike

Zomwe zimachitika nthawi yomweyo pamikhalidwe yabwinobwino.

4. Mankhwala katundu

AYI₂ kutenga nawo gawo muzochita za redox:

3 AYI₂ + ABWENZI₂O → 2HNO₃ + AYI

(Mukuchita izi tikuwona NO₂ onse oxidizing ndi kuchepetsa wothandizira).

AYI₂ kutenga nawo gawo muzochita za photochemical pokonzekera NO:

AYI₂ + hv (λ <430 nm) → NO + [O]

Yankhani ndi mankhwala amchere

2 NO₂ + 2NaOH → NaNO₃ + NAWO₂ + ABWENZI₂O

5. Momwe mungachitire

Za NO₂ kuchita pa O₂ zapakhomo

6. Kodi mumadziwa?

AYI₂ ndi chinthu choopsa kwa anthu, NO ndi NO₂ kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa mpweya

AYI₂ Zimagwiranso ntchito kuwononga ozone layer

7. Zochita Zogwirizana

Funso 1. Ndi njira ziti mwa zotsatirazi zomwe sizichepetsa kuchuluka kwa okosijeni mumlengalenga?

A. Dzimbiri la chitsulo mumlengalenga

B. The photosynthesis ya zomera zobiriwira m’chilengedwe

C. Kuyatsa malasha, nkhuni, chitofu cha gasi

D. Kupuma kwa nyama za anthu

Njira yothetsera

Yankho ndi AYI

Njira yomwe simachepetsa kuchuluka kwa okosijeni mumlengalenga ndi: Photosynthesis ya zomera.

Chifukwa photosynthesis ya zomera zobiriwira ndi njira yopangira mpweya wa okosijeni

Ndime 2. Ndi ziti mwa zotsatirazi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m’makampani kupanga mpweya wa nayitrogeni?

A. Fractional distillation wa madzi mpweya

B. pyrolysis yaying’ono₄AYI₃

C. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yosamutsira madzi

D. Pyrolysis ya mchere WANG’ono wa ammonium chloride₄Cl

Njira yothetsera

Yankho A

Kukonzekera kwa nayitrogeni m’mafakitale (komanso ngati okosijeni) ndi gawo la distillation la mpweya wamadzimadzi, kutsitsa kutentha kwambiri kuti kusungunuke mpweya, kuchotsa zonyansa, ndikuwonjezera pang’onopang’ono kusonkhanitsa N.₂ lowani₂

Ndime 3. Pang’onopang’ono onjezani yankho la ANG’ONO₃ mpaka owonjezera asungidwa mu chubu choyesera chomwe chili ndi yankho la Al₂(SO)₄)₃. Zochitika zomwe zimawonedwa panthawiyi ndi:

A. Mphepo yamkuntho yoyera imawonekera, kenako madziwo amasungunuka pang’onopang’ono

B. Mphepo yamkuntho yoyera ikuwonekera

C. Mphepo yobiriwira imawonekera, kenako mpweya umasungunuka pang’onopang’ono

D. Mvula yobiriwira ikuwonekera

Njira yothetsera

Yankho ndi AYI

Pang’onopang’ono onjezani yankho la ANG’ONO₃ mpaka owonjezera asungidwa mu chubu choyesera chomwe chili ndi yankho la Al₂(SO)₄)₃ kuwona mawonekedwe

6 ANG’ONO₃ + Al₂(SO)₄)₃ + 6 NYUMBA₂O → 2Al(OH)₃ + 3 (Yang’ono₄)₂SO₄

Kuwoneka kwa mvula yoyera

Ndime 4. Ndi ma oxide ati omwe sakhala acidic oxide mwa awa?

A. CO₂

B. AKAZI₂O₅

C. P₂O₅

D. AYI

Njira yothetsera

YANKHO WOsavuta

Funso 5. Ndizitsulo ziti mwazinthu zotsatirazi zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi HNO .?₃ utakhazikika pansi

A. Al, Zn, Fe

B. Al, Cr, Fe

C. Cu, Ag, Cr

D. Cu, Cr, Fe

Njira yothetsera

Yankho ndi AYI

Ndizitsulo ziti mwazinthu zotsatirazi zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi HNO .?₃ utakhazikika pansi

Kalasi A. chifukwa Zn imachita ndi HNO₃ utakhazikika pansi

Zolondola B chifukwa Al, Cr, Fe samachita ndi HNO₃ utakhazikika pansi

Type C chifukwa Cu, Ag amachita ndi HNO₃ utakhazikika pansi

Lembani D chifukwa Cu imachita ndi HNO₃ utakhazikika pansi

Ndime 6. Mvula ikagwa, anthu nthawi zambiri amamva kuti mpweya ndi wabwino chifukwa:

A. Mvula imakoka fumbi lomwe limachepetsa kuchuluka kwa fumbi mumlengalenga.

B. Panthawi ya mvula ndi bingu, mikhalidwe yopangira ozoni yaying’ono imakhala ndi bactericidal effect.

C. Mvula ikatha, zomera zimakula kwambiri.

D. Onse A, B.

Njira yothetsera

YANKHO WOsavuta

Mvula ikagwa, anthu nthawi zambiri amamva kuti mpweya ndi wabwino chifukwa:

A. Mvula imakoka fumbi lomwe limachepetsa kuchuluka kwa fumbi mumlengalenga.

B. Panthawi ya mvula ndi bingu, mikhalidwe yopangira ozoni yaying’ono imakhala ndi bactericidal effect.

Ndime 7. Mawu olondola okhudza HNO₃ mu labotale pochita

NANO₃ + ABWENZI₂SO₄ → HNO₃+ NAHSO₄.

A. Dilute sulfuric acid angagwiritsidwe ntchito.

B. imatha kusintha sodium nitrate ndi potaziyamu nitrate.

C. nitric acid imapezeka mu mawonekedwe amadzimadzi popanda firiji.

D. uku ndikuchita kwa redox.

Njira yothetsera

Yankho ndi AYI

A ndi olakwika chifukwa sulfuric acid wosungunuka sangathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

B ndiyolondola chifukwa sodium nitrate imatha kusinthidwa ndi potaziyamu nitrate.

C ndi yolakwika chifukwa nitric acid ndi yokhazikika, kotero HNO₃.

D ndiyolakwika chifukwa uku ndikusinthana chifukwa sikusintha nambala ya okosijeni.

Ndime 8. Gwiritsani ntchito dzina lomaliza₂O ndi zinthu zotenthetsera zimatha kulekanitsa zosakaniza zotsatirazi?

M’BALE WAMKULU₄Cl, K₂CO₃,Kl

B. ANG’ONO₄AYI₃CaCO₃N / A₂SO₄

C. ANG’ONO₄Cl, CaSO₄MgSO₄

D. Zonse ndi zotheka

Njira yothetsera

YANKHO C

Gwiritsani ntchito dzina lomaliza₂O ndi kutentha zinthu akhoza kulekanitsa osakaniza: NH4Cl, CaSO₄MgSO₄

Ndili ndi ANG’ONO₄Cl, MgSO₄ tan => Dziwani CaSO₄

Kutenthetsa yankho lomwe lili ndi zinthu zina ziwiri, NH₄Cl imawola kukhala NH3, HCl, kotero MgSO₄.

ANG’ONO₃HCl, kubwezeretsanso ammonium kuli bwino₄Cl.

Ndime 9. Tiyeni Cu zitsulo kuchita ndi HNO₃ Makhalidwe omwe amawonedwa ndi awa:

A. Mpweya wofiirira umakwera, yankho limasanduka buluu

B. Gasi wopanda utoto umatuluka, yankho limasanduka buluu

C. Gasi wopanda utoto umatuluka, yankho lake ndi lofiirira

D. Gasi wotuluka wopanda mtundu umasanduka bulauni mumlengalenga, yankho limasanduka buluu

Njira yothetsera

Yankho A

Tiyeni Cu zitsulo kuchita ndi HNO₃ Chochitika chomwe chikuwoneka ndi ichi: mpweya wa bulauni umakwera, yankho limasanduka buluu

Rection equation

ku + 4HNO₃ → Cu(NO₃)₂ + 2 AYI₂+ 2H₂O

Ndime 10. Onjezani njira YANG’ono pang’onopang’ono₃ mopitirira muyeso mu njira ya AlCl₃. Zochitika zowoneka:

A. pali mpweya wa colloidal woyera umene umasungunuka pang’onopang’ono.

B. ali ndi mpweya woyera womwe umasungunuka kenako ndikuyambiranso.

C. ili ndi mvula yoyera, palibe mpweya wosungunuka womwe umawoneka.

D. transparent solution.

Njira yothetsera

YANKHO C

Mtsogoleri Wamng’ono₃mu yankho la AlCl₃ ali ndi ma chemical reaction awa:

AlCl₃ + 3 NHS₃ + 3 MAola₂O → Al(OH)₃+ 3 NHS₄Cl

Chifukwa ANG’ONO₃ Ndi maziko ofooka, kotero sangathe kusungunula Al(OH) hydroxide.₃

=> Zodabwitsa: Pali mpweya wosasungunuka woyera wa colloidal

Ndime 11. Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi HNO.?₃Ngati kwatentha, redox reaction ndi

A. Fe, FeO, Fe(OH)₂Fe (OH)₃

B. Fe, FeO, Fe(NO.)₃)₂FeCO₃

C. Fe, FeSO₄Fe₂(SO)₄)₃FeCO₃

D. Fe, FeO, Fe(NO.)₃)₂Fe (NO₃)₃

Njira yothetsera

Yankho ndi AYI

The redox reaction imachitika pamene Fe mu pawiri sanafike pa pazipita makutidwe ndi okosijeni chiwerengero

Zomwe mu Fe (OH)₃Fe₂(SO)₄)_3, Fe (NO₃)₃chitsulo chili ndi oxidation nambala +3 => zolakwika A, C, D

Ma reaction equation akuwonetsa yankho lolondola

Fe + 6HNO₃ → Fe(NO .)₃)₃ + 3 AYI₂ + 3H ndi₂O

FeO + 4HNO₃ → Fe(NO .)₃)₃ + AYI₂ + 2 NYUMBA₂O

Fe (NO₃)₂ + 2 HNO₃ → Fe(NO .)₃)₃ + AYI₂ + ABWENZI₂O

FeCO₃ + 4 HNO₃ → Fe(NO .)₃)₃ + CO₂ + AYI₂ + 2 mabanja₂O

Ndime 12. Ndimagulu ati mwamankhwala awa omwe amakumana ndi HNO.?₃ Kukatentha, sikutulutsa mpweya NO₂ kuwulukira kunja?

A. Fe₂O₃KUS, NANO₂Na.

B. Fe₃O₄N / A₂SO₃Monga₂S₃Ku.

C. Fe, BaCO₃Al(OH)₃,znS

D. CaSO₃Fe (OH)₂Ku, ZnO.

Njira yothetsera

Yankho ndi AYI

Ndime 13. Kuwotcha osakaniza A wopangidwa ndi: x mol Fe ndi 0,15 mol Cu, mu mlengalenga kwa kanthawi, analandira 63.2 magalamu osakaniza B, wopangidwa ndi zitsulo ziwiri ndi osakaniza oxides awo. Sungunulani zonse pamwamba osakaniza B ndi HNO₃ yokhazikika, 0,6 mol NO₂. Mtengo wa x ndi:

A. 0.7 mol

B. 0.6 mol

C. 0.5 mol

D. 0.4 mol

Njira yothetsera

Yankho A

n_O = y mol; n_Fe = x mzu

56x + 0.15.64 + 16y = 63.2 (1);

3x + 0.15.2 = 2y + 0.6 (2)

Kuchokera ku 1, 2 => x = 0.7 ndi y = 0.9

Ndime 14. Wotchani magalamu 11.2 a ufa wa Fe mumtsuko wa O₂ adapeza 14.72 magalamu osakaniza X opangidwa ndi Fe₂O₃Fe₃O₄ ndi Fe. Sungunulani kuchuluka kwa osakaniza X kwathunthu ndi HNO₃adapeza V malita a gasi osakaniza Y opangidwa ndi NO ndi NO₂. Kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa B mpaka H₂ ndi wofanana ndi 19. Voliyumu V pa ktc ndi:

A. 1792 ml

B. 672 ml.

C. 448 ml.

D. 896 ml.

Njira yothetsera

Yankho A

USA_X = 19.2 = 38

=> $n_{{\mathrm{AKAZI}}_2}$= $n_{\mathrm{AKAZI}{O}_2}$ = x

m_Fe + m_O = m_oxide

=> m_O = m_oxide -m_Fe = 14.72 – 11.2 = 3.52 magalamu

=> n_O= 0.22 mol

$\stackrel{0}{Fe}\to \stackrel{3+}{Fe}+3e$

0.2 → 0.6

$\stackrel{0}{O}+\text{2}e\to \stackrel{2-}{O}$

0.22 → 0.44

$\stackrel{+5}{\mathrm{AKAZI}}+\text{3}e\to \stackrel{+2}{\mathrm{AKAZI}}$

3x pa

$\stackrel{+5}{\mathrm{AKAZI}}+\text{choyamba}e\to \stackrel{+4}{\mathrm{AKAZI}}$

x x

Sungani e: 0.6 = 0.44 + 3x + x = 0.44 + 4x => x= 0.04

=> n_gasi = 2x = 0.08 mol

=> DONANI_gasi = 0.08.22.4 = 1,792 malita = 1792 ml

Ndime 15. Kwa magalamu 30 osakaniza X kuphatikiza: Fe; FeO; Fe₂O₃ ndi Fe₃O₄ kwathunthu anachita ndi HNO₃ Sungunulani malita 5.6 a NO gasi (dktc, mankhwala apadera ochepetsera) ndi yankho Y. Molarity wa HNO₃ adayankha ndi:

A. 1 mol

B. 1.45 mol

C. 1.6 mol

D. 1.35 mol

Njira yothetsera

YANKHO C

Sinthani 30 magalamu a osakaniza X kukhala Fe, ndi O. Lolani x, y kukhala chiwerengero cha timadontho ta Fe ndi O motsatira => 56x + 16y = 30 (1);

3x – 2y = 0.25.3 (2);

Kuchokera ku 1, 2 => x = 0.45 ndi y = 0.3; n_HNO3 = 4.n_AYI + 2n_O = 4.0.25 + 2.0.3 = 1.6 mol

Ndime 16. Lolani 150 ml ya 1M KOH yankho achite ndi 200 ml ya H. solution₃PO₄ 0.5M. Zitachitika, yankho lili ndi mchere

A. KHUC₂PO₄ ndi KY₂HPO₄.

B. MOTO₂PO₄ ndi KY₃PO₄.

C. KY₂HPO₄ ndi KY₃PO₄.

D. MOTO₂PO₄KY₂HPO₄ndi KY₃PO₄

Njira yothetsera

Yankho A

Tili ndi:

n_KOH= 0.15 (mol); n₃PO₄ = 0.1 (mol)

Tikuwona: 1 < $\frac{n_{\mathrm{KY}OH}}{n_{H_{3}P{O}_4}}$ = $\frac{0.15}{0.1}$ = 1.5 < 2 → Pangani mchere wa DESCRIPTION₂PO₄ ndi KY₂HPO₄

KOH + HELL₃PO₄→ KUCHOTSA₂PO₄ + ABWENZI₂O

2KOH + PA₃PO₄ → CZK₂HPO₄ + 2 NYUMBA₂O

Ndime 17. Sungunulani mg wa FeS ndi kuchuluka kwa HNO₃ (njira X), pezani njira Y ndi NO gasi. Njira Y imasungunuka mpaka 1.92 magalamu a Cu. Poganizira kuti m’njira zomwe zili pamwambapa, chinthu chokhacho chochepetsera cha N⁺⁵ onse ndi NO. Chiwerengero cha timadontho ta HNO₃ mu X ndi

A. 0.48.

B. 0.12.

C. 0.36.

D. 0.24.

Njira yothetsera

YANKHO WOsavuta

n_Ku = 0.03 mol

Tili ndi: 2Fe³⁺ + Ku → 2Fe²⁺ + Ku²⁺

=> $n_{F{e}^{3+}\left(Y\right)}$ =0.6 mol => n_FeS = 0.6 mol

FeS → Fe³⁺ + CHIFUKWA^{+ 6} + 9 ndi

AKAZI⁺⁵ + 3e → MKAZI⁺²

=> Chitetezo e: n_AYI =3.$n_{F{e}^{3+}}$ = 0.18 mol

Yankho Y ili ndi Fe₂(SO)₄)₃ ndi Fe (NO₃)₃

Sungani chinthu S: $n_{F{e}_2{\left(S{O}_4\right)}_3}$ = $\frac{\mathrm{choyamba}}{3}$.n_FeS = 0.02 mol

Sungani zinthu za Fe ndi S:

n_FeS = 2.$n_{F{e}_2{\left(S{O}_4\right)}_3}$$n_{Fe{\left(\mathrm{AKAZI}{O}_3\right)}_3}$

=> $n_{Fe{\left(\mathrm{AKAZI}{O}_3\right)}_3}$ = 0.06 − 2.0.02 = 0.02 => n_AYI -3_{$n_{\mathrm{AKAZI}{O_3}^{-}}$ mchere = 0.06 mol}

Sungani chinthu N:

$n_{H\mathrm{AKAZI}{O}_3}$ = n_AYI + _{$n_{\mathrm{AKAZI}{O_3}^{-}}$ mchere}= 0,36 + 0.12 = 0,24 mol

8. Ma equation ena a mankhwala a nayitrogeni ndi mankhwala: